There's been several references to various technologies that could be implemented for spotting the ball or determining whether it crosses the goal line. Just a few clarifying comments and addtional info:
- VAR in soccer is principally built on a 8-12 camera system, and a connected ball was also introduced recently which provides location data to the system. Importantly for soccer, the connected ball also provides inertia measurements, which allow the video assistant referees to check for things like hand ball and also precisely mark when a ball is played so they can determine offside calls. The connected ball technology is what drives the recent semi-automated offside technology. Soccer also uses a seven camera system to support goal line decisions. More here.
- The NFL already puts a chip in the ball, but has yet to utilize it for marking ball placement. The NFL also puts chips on player equipment. You have likely seen videos of "the dots" on X or elsewhere. These are simple animations of the tracking technology.
- Baseball uses the same camera company as soccer (and tennis) -- Hawk-Eye. The Hawk-Eye system in baseball now also supports markerless motion capture of biomechanic data. MLB has introduced animations of plays recorded with this biomechanic motion capture.
If football wants to replace referees as the spotters/markers, they'll need a system that integrates all of the above. Markerless motion capture will be central, because you have to determine when the runner is down before you can spot the ball. This is particularly tricky because more than one body part can be responsible for the runner being "down" and any camera-only system can be shielded from view by other players. Technology will likely take over in most of our lifetimes, but it seems further innovation will be required. Surely the NFL will get there first, so I would expect the NCAA to move playoff games to NFL stadiums to utilize the tech. Then the Power 4 conferences will likely install it. It's possible non-P4 schools never do because of expense and/or because they will seldom host a P4 opponent.